Nezlek, J. B., Allen, M., Sorrentino, R. M., Yasunaga, S., Otsubo, Y., & Kouhara, K. (2006). Cross-cultural differences in daily spirituality. Being prepared for submission to Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology..

Every day for two weeks, participants at four sites (2 in the US, 1 in Canada, and 1 in Japan) described how spritual they felt each day, and they described their mood and the events that occurred each day. Multilevel random coefficient modeling analyses found that on average, Candians were the least spriritual day to day, and black Amercans were the most. White Americans and the Japansese were between the two. On average, on days when more positve events occurred, spirituality was higher, although this relationship was markedly stronger for the Japanese. Relationships between spirituality and negative events varied considerably across cultures. It was positive for Canadians, negative for black Americans, and not significant for white Americans. There were positive relationships between spirituality and mood for all participants, although this relationship was stronger for the Japanese. In contrast, spirituality was related to negative mood only for Canadians -- it was positively related.